Journal of Animal and Plant Research

Optimization of Fermentation Time and Stability of King Grass at storage by application of Lactobacillus plantarum

Zhujun Tao — 2026-02-08

This experiment compared the consequences of fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum inoculation on fermentation properties, microbial interactions and shelf-life of king grass silage. There was a control (CK) and L. plantarum inoculated (LP) group of silage treatments. The parameters of fermentation were observed at 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days and storage stability was observed using aerobic exposure tests up to 28 days. Silage treated with LP had a better pH drop, greater concentration of lactic acid, reduced ammonia nitrogen and better lactic acid bacteria (LAB) dominance, and inhibited yeasts and molds. Aerobic stability of LP silage has been greatly enhanced when compared to the control. These findings prove that L. plantarum is a good method of maximizing fermentation duration and increasing the storage stability of king grass silage, which is a viable approach to better forage storage.

Physicochemical and Nutritional Changes in Milk Composition of Indigenous Goats During Different Lactation Stages in Swat Valley, Pakistan

Nadar Khan — 2026-02-19

Goat milk plays a significant role in nutrition and rural livelihoods in mountainous regions of Pakistan. However, limited data are available regarding compositional changes of milk from local goats across different lactation stages under field conditions in Swat Valley. Understanding these variations is essential for improving feeding strategies and dairy product utilization. A total of 120 clinically healthy local goats were selected from smallholder farms in Swat. Animals were categorized into early (0–40 days), mid (41–80 days), and late lactation (81–120 days), with 40 goats per group. Milk samples were collected weekly and analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total solids (TS), and solid-not-fat (SNF) using standard milk analyzer machine. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and differences among means were considered significant at p < 0.05. Significant variations (p < 0.05) were observed across lactation stages. Fat percentage increased from early (3.84 ± 0.41%) to late lactation (4.92 ± 0.38%). Protein content followed a similar increasing trend (3.21 ± 0.27% to 3.78 ± 0.30%). Lactose concentration decreased significantly from early (4.52 ± 0.19%) to late lactation (4.21 ± 0.23%). Total solids increased progressively from 12.10 ± 0.62% to 13.74 ± 0.71%. Milk from late lactation contained higher fat and protein levels, suggesting improved suitability for cheese and processed dairy products, while early lactation milk had relatively higher lactose concentration. These findings provide baseline compositional data for indigenous goats in Swat and may assist in developing stage-specific feeding and milk utilization strategies.

Prefilled Syringes: A Comprehensive Review of Design, Manufacturing, Clinical Benefits, and Future Trends

Aisha Siddiqua — 2026-02-09

Prefilled syringes (PFSs) are increasingly used as primary packaging systems for parenteral drug delivery due to their ability to enhance medication safety, dosing accuracy, and operational efficiency. As drug–device combination products, PFSs integrate the pharmaceutical formulation with a delivery system that is ready for administration, minimizing preparation steps at the point of care. Their adoption has been particularly prominent for biologics, vaccines, and emergency medicines. Despite these advantages, prefilled syringes present unique challenges related to material compatibility, extractables and leachables, injectability performance, and regulatory compliance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of prefilled syringe technology, including design and components, manufacturing processes, clinical and operational benefits, formulation considerations, challenges and limitations, regulatory aspects, and future trends.